Sputter Coater

Cressington Vacuum Coating Systems. The Cressington products range comprises 108 series sputter coaters for standard SEM sample coating, the 108 series carbon coaters for standard EDS coating, .Complementary ResultsSputter Coaters | Carbon Coaters | SEM | TEM. Sputter coating is the standard method for preparing non-conducting or poorly conducting specimens prior to observation in a scanning electron microscope (SEM).Complete Sputter Coating Systems. Complete Sputter Coating Systems. OPTION #2. Sputter Coater System Precious Metal Coating (e.g. gold coating) Includes: Vacuum Control Base; Sputter Coater . Batteries Plus Kentwood, Sputter Coaters. Sputter coating is a process used to deposit a thin layer of material onto a substrate. In the case of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), this technique is .People also askYou will see more English now.What is a sputter coater?What is the use of sputter coating?What is sputter coating for SEM?What pressure is sputter coating?Feedback Batteries Plus Knoxville Tennessee, Carbon & gold sputter vacuum coaters for TEM & SEM. Agar Scientific's compact bench-top EM vacuum coaters offer a wide choice of options to suit all carbon & gold sputter coating requirements for SEM & TEM. Batteries Plus Lantana, Things to know. When a glow discharge is formed between a Cathode and Anode using a suitable gas (typically Argon), and Cathode target material (commonly Gold) the bombardment . Batteries Plus Leesburg Fl, Desk Sputter Coater – DSR1. Sputter Coater – DSR1 is a compact coating system able to coat noble metals such as gold (Au), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and gold/palladium (Au/Pd) thin . Rating: 5 · ‎Review by elina Batteries Plus Macon, Plasma Sputter Coater with Vacuum Pump, Incl. Gold .. May 31, 2022 — MNT-JS1600 is a compact plasma sputtering coater designed for making metallic coatings, such as gold, platinum, Indium and silver etc. Rating: 5 · ‎1 review · ‎$6,600.00Sputter Coater & Freeze Fracturing Systems | Products. High-vacuum sputter coaters deposit thin films with much finer grain structure allowing for high-resolution SEM analysis. Also, a broader range of materials, .Automatic Sputter Coater for Electron microscopy. An advanced sputter coater for EM where the complete sequence of flush, leak, coat and vent is automatically controlled, allowing fine grain coatings with a .Pumping system weight: 15kgDimensions (W x D x H): 420mm x 295mm x 287 .Hummer 6.2 Sputter Coater with 2 stage pump. The Ladd / Hummer™ 6.2 performs sputter coating, a cold process in which ions impacting a metal source dislodge metal atoms. The atoms disperse throughout .$10,995.00 · ‎In stockSmart Coater | Fully Automated Sputter Coater | Supplier. This simple-to-use sputter coater features fully automated vacuum and sputtering. Insert your samples, turn the unit on and select the sputtering time. The .Enhance Samples with Tabletop Ion Sputter Coaters. While non-conductive samples can be imaged in low vacuum mode, a sputter coater is an invaluable tool for electron microscopy to achieve the highest . Batteries Plus Mansfield, Sputter Coater 108/108auto. Cressington 108 Sputter Coaters are ideal for routine sample preparation. Compact, economical and simple to operate, they offer rapid pumpdown times, fine-grain . Batteries Plus Marlborough Ma, Sputter Coaters - Cornell Center for Materials Research. The Denton Desk V sputter coater is a high-vacuum coater, pumped by a turbo pump and scroll pump. This provides a cleaner, lower oxygen, . Batteries Plus Mesa, Sputter and Carbon Coaters for Electron Microscopy. Sep 12, 2022 — For the best imaging, non-conductive samples are commonly coated by using a Sputter Coater that applies a nano-thin layer of conductive . Batteries Plus Miami Lakes, DST1-170 Turbo-pumped sputter coater - VacTechniche. Achieve Flawless Coatings with Our Sputter Coater! High-Performance Technology for Precision Deposition. Elevate Your Coating Processes. Batteries Plus Missoula Montana, Sputter coating for SEM: how this sample preparation .. For this reason, if a high-quality electron image is required, the use of sputter coater is recommended; the conductive coating material acts as a channel .Compact Magnetron Ion Sputtering Coater for SEM .. MSE Supplies offers a compact magnetron sputtering coater that is ideal for lab SEM sample preparation. It is widely used to coat non-conductive SEM samples .Sputtering Source Power: DC magnetron, Max. .Chamber Size: ~Ø 120 *110 mmChamber Material: Quartz Glass$4,995.00 · ‎$135.46 delivery · ‎30-day returns · ‎In stockSputter & carbon coaters. Sputter and carbon coaters are used to deposit a thin metal or carbon layer on the surface of a substrate. Sputtering is used in electron microscopy to .Sputter-Coaters. The Electron Microscopy Sciences 150R ES Sputter Coater is a compact turbomolecular-pumped coating system suitable for SEM, TEM and many thin-film .Sputter Coater Systems Production. Shop best-in-class sputter coating machines by Hummer at competitive prices from Anatech USA. Get in touch with us to place your order today!High purity sputter coater targets | labtech-em.com. SEM sputter coater targets, including gold targets, platinum targets and chromium targets. Including disc and annular SEM sputtering targets. Batteries Plus Mount Laurel, Sputter Coater Operation. Nov 17, 2015 — Comments2 · Changing the Carbon Fiber on a Fiber Head · SC7620 Mini Sputter Coater Set-up Operation · DIY Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) using . Batteries Plus Nolensville Road, Sputter coater targets - Labtech. EM-Tec sputter coater targets are available in a wide range of metals with sizes to fit most makes and models of sputter coater. Batteries Plus North Miami Beach, Sputter Coaters | Franceschi Microscopy & Imaging Center. Cressington High Resolution Sputter Coater – Platinum/Paladium or Chromium . Sputter coating is a deposition process to cover a specimen with a thin layer of . Batteries Plus Oak Creek, Au-Pd Sputter Coater - Emscope SC 500. The Au-Pd sputter coater is used for producing an even coating on the surface of the specimen. The coating will help inhibit charging, reduce thermal damage .Ernest F Fullam Vintage Sputter Coater 5 Torr For Tem, Sem Specimen$299.25Pre-ownedeBay - mycybermarketsErnest F Fullam Vintage Sputter Coater 5 Torr For Tem, Sem Specimen$299.25Pre-ownedeBay - mycybermarketsSputter Coater$1,093.00Pre-ownedHGRSputter Coater$1,093.00Pre-ownedHGRCompact Magnetron Ion Sputtering Coater for SEM Sample Preparation by MSE Supplies$4,995.00MSE SuppliesCompact Magnetron Ion Sputtering Coater for SEM Sample Preparation by MSE Supplies$4,995.00MSE SuppliesMagnetron Sputter Coater 300 mm diameter stainless steel vacuum chamber, Dual Head with Turbo Pump, Thickness Monitor, Copper, Al, Cr, Gold & Silver $50,000.00piezopvdf.comMagnetron Sputter Coater 300 mm diameter stainless steel vacuum chamber, Dual Head with Turbo Pump, Thickness Monitor, Copper, Al, Cr, Gold & Silver $50,000.00piezopvdf.comDenton Desk ll Sputter Coater *non-working, sold as-is$1,000.00tesequip.comDenton Desk ll Sputter Coater *non-working, sold as-is$1,000.00tesequip.comSpi Sputter Coater$1,250.00Pre-ownedeBay - buyhitekSpi Sputter Coater$1,250.00Pre-ownedeBay - buyhitekHummer 8 Sputter Coater$105.00laddresearch.comHummer 8 Sputter Coater$105.00laddresearch.comTechnics Hummer V Technics Hummer V Sputtering System Sputter Coater (as-is)$1,045.00RefurbishedAlltest InstrumentsTechnics Hummer V Technics Hummer V Sputtering System Sputter Coater (as-is)$1,045.00RefurbishedAlltest Instruments Batteries Plus On Austin Bluffs, Sputtering coater - MTI Corporation. Results 1 - 12 of 12 — MTI provides all types of compact sputtering coater, such as RF sputtering and DC plasma sputtering coaters.Leica EM ACE600 Sputter Coater. The EM ACE600 sputter coater is a versatile high vacuum film deposition instrument . different coating methods sputtering, carbon thread, carbon rod and .Industry Rate: $50/sampleCRESSINGTON 108 MANUAL SPUTTER COATER SOP. PDFCRESSINGTON 108 MANUAL SPUTTER. COATER SOP. Revised April 2020. Purpose: To deposit a thin layer of Au or Au/Pd material to the surfaces to enhance SEM .Sputter Coater. The sputter coater is used to coat non-metallic samples (bugs, plants, human hair, etc.) with a thin layer of gold. This makes them conductive, .CRESSINGTON 108 SPUTTER COATER (Zeiss Lab). The 108 Sputter Coater is typically used for sample coating with Au-Pd of non-conducting samples for standard SEM imaging. The system is simple to operate, .Cressington 108 Sputter Coater. Cressington 108 Sputter Coater. This instrument is used for general coating of samples that will be imaged using scanning electron microscopes. Batteries Plus Pelham Al, Sputter Coater | Instruments | CASM. OPERATION OF THE TECHNICS HUMMER V SPUTTER COATER. NOTE: This instrument can be used for standard tungsten SEM imaging (S-570) or for High or Ultrahigh . Batteries Plus Pembroke Pines, Proper Maintenance and Cleaning of your Sputter Coater. A sputter coater not only coats the samples that are put inside the chamber but actually coats pretty much everything in the target line of sight. Think of a . Batteries Plus Pleasant Prairie, Introduction to Vacuum Coating by Sputter Technology. Apr 28, 2021 — The vacuum system of a sputter coater is more complex than in thermal or e-beam evaporators. Like all coaters, a base pressure in the . Batteries Plus Reno Nv, Pelco Sputter Coater. Pella sputter coater.JPG. Pelco Sputter Coater. Diode sputtering system for coating SEM specimens up to 1 inch tall and 3.5 inches diameter. Moncler Baudier Down Jacket, Quorum Sputter Coater - KU Nanofabrication Facility. Quorum Sputter Coater. The Q150R ES is a combination sputter coating and carbon/metal evaporation tool. Interchangeable inserts are provided for each .Electron Microscopy Sciences Platinum Sputter Coater .. Shop Electron Microscopy Sciences Platinum Sputter Coater Target, 60 mm diameter, 0.1 mm thick at Fishersci.com.$1,232.05 · ‎30-day returnsSputter Coating - Sputter Deposition. Sputter coating is a physical vapor deposition process used to apply a very thin, functional coating on a substrate. The process starts by electrically charging .Imaging Sputter Coater - Shared Research Operations. The Quorum Technologies EMS150T ES a versatile sputter coater/turbo evaporator for preparing specimens for examination by electron microscopy (EM).Model: EMS 150T ESEMS Sputter Coater - Texas Materials Institute. Fees and Policies. There are no fees associated with using the EMS Sputter Coater. To become a new user of this facility, please read the Instrument Reservation .Sputter Coating Technical Brief. PDFCarbon and sputter coaters. • Plasma reactor for ashing and etching. • High vacuum bench top evaporators. • Cryo-SEM preparation systems. Batteries Plus Rosenberg Tx, High Vacuum Sputter Coater. Description: The EM ACE600 sputter coater is a versatile high vacuum gold and carbon film deposition instrument for the SEM and TEM sample analysis . Batteries Plus Santa Ana, Sputter Coaters Equipment | Review, Compare, Get Quotes .. Sputter Coaters. Sputter coating in scanning electron microscopy is a sputter deposition process to cover a specimen with a thin layer of conducting . Batteries Plus Scarborough, Ion Sputter Coater - SW Systems. Ion Sputter Coater. Category: Scanning Electron Microscopes; Manufacturer: SEC. Fast and easy coating method (Start button → Automatic vacuum → Plasma . Rating: 4 · ‎Review by admin Batteries Plus Shrewsbury Pa, Quorum Tech SC7620 Sputter Coater. Quorum Tech SC7620 Sputter Coater consisting of: - Manufacture: Quaram Tech - Model: SC7620 - Basic Magnetron Sputter Head - Vacuum Pump Batteries Plus Sioux City Ia, Sputter deposition. Sputter deposition is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method of thin film deposition by the phenomenon of sputtering. This involves ejecting material from .Desk Sputter Coater. The Desk Sputter Coater TT-DSR is able to coat noble metals, such as Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Palladium (Pa) and Platinum (Pt) thin films on non-conductive .Sputter Coaters and SEM/ TEM Carbon Coaters. Sputter Coaters and SEM/ TEM Carbon Coaters . Sputter coating is the standard method for preparing non-conducting or poorly conducting specimens prior to .Ion Sputter Coater. Ion Sputter Coater . coating conductive materials (Au, Pt, Pd, Pt-Pd) onto the sample surfaces by using DC sputtering princi​ple. . Digital ion coater.Target: AU& PT (Guarantee)Target Size: 50mmSputter Coater - Nanoscale Characterization Facility. The desk V series is based on Cold Sputtering Platform. . The sputter coater is equipped with a quartz crystal microbalance so the rate and the total .Sputter Coater For Sale - Sputtering Machine Manufacturer. Sputter coater is a compact, tabletop coating system that is particularly suitable for high-quality coating of non-conductive samples for scanning electron . Batteries Plus St Paul, Sputter coater - TUE Research portal. Sputter coating is a deposition process to cover the specimen with up to a few nanometer thick layer of a conductive metal, for example gold, palladium, . Moncler Bellardie Jacket, Dual Head Magnetron Sputter Coater with Turbo Pump and .. Magnetron Sputter Coater 300 mm diameter stainless steel vacuum chamber, Dual Head with Turbo Pump, Thickness Monitor, Copper, Al, Cr, Gold & Silver Target.$50,000.00 · ‎In stock Batteries Plus Temple Texas, Sputter Coater | Shared Materials Instrumentation Facility. The Denton Desk V sputter coater is designed to aid in the preparation of SEM samples. It has a 2” cathode and is supplied by DC power. Batteries Plus Waco Texas, Polaron Range Sputter Coater. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Polaron Range Sputter Coater at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many .$4,100.00 · ‎In stock Batteries Plus Warner Robins Ga, Quorum Tech Q150RES Gold/Carbon Sputter Coater - CNM2. Sep 9, 2022 — The Q150RES system is a versatile sputter coater/carbon evaporator for preparing specimens for examination by electron microscopy.Sputtering Coater. The 2DCC Sputtering Coater is used to deposit a thin layer of gold on a sample for later use in our device fabrication. The adjustable rotating and tilting .Cressington 108 Sputter Coater. The Cressington 108 sputter coater has fully variable current control, digital process timer with 'pause', variable height specimen table, hinged top-plate .EMS-300T-d-dual-head-sputter-coater-HAR-050-Tool. EMS-300T-d-dual-head-sputter-coater-HAR-050-Tool. August 3, 2023. By. EMS 300T D Dual Head Sputter Coater. Quick links.Safematic CCU-010 SEM Coating System. The Swiss made Safematic sputter and carbon coating system is a paradigm shift in the area of ease of use and throughput for electron microscopy sample .Cressington HR208 Sputter Coater Protocol. Cressington HR208 sputter coater. Cressington1.jpg. Open the regulator valve to Ar tank; Lift lid; Remove bell jar; Rotate black knurled knob to move stage . Moncler Belt For Jacket, Physics Department - Sputter Coater Instructions. Sputter Coater Instructions. PELCO SC-7. Loading. Coating-AUTO. Coating-MANUAL. Shutting down. Setting Sputter Current and Coating Time. Default Settings . Batteries Plus Wesley Chapel, CFN Equipment | Sputter/Coater. The benchtop DC sputter coater (Cressington 208HR) deposits thin noble metal films (Au, AuPd, or Pt) by DC sputtering. It is typically used for preparing . Batteries Plus Wilmington North Carolina, Cressington Sputter Coater 108. Cressington's 108 Manual Sputter Coater is an ideal desktop system for Au coating of non-conducting samples for standard SEM imaging. Batteries Plus Woodstock, Sputter Coating - Bucknell Makers - Dozuki. 6 steps · 10 min1.First do a visual inspection that the gas line is connected and undamaged.2.Turn on Vacuum Pump using toggle switch near power cable.3.Upon powering up the "Panel Setup" screen will appear on the sputter coater touchpanel. Tap the "Run" button to proceed. Battery Plus Austin Tx, MC1000 Ion Sputter Coater. The MC1000 Ion Sputter Coater is a sample preparation instrument for use with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The MC1000 is designed to deposit a thin .Polaron Sputter Coater System$6,156.89Pre-ownedeBay - unigreenschemePolaron Sputter Coater System$6,156.89Pre-ownedeBay - unigreenschemeEdwardss150b Sputter Coater With Edwards 2 Vacuum Pump$4,500.00Pre-ownedeBay - buyhitekEdwardss150b Sputter Coater With Edwards 2 Vacuum Pump$4,500.00Pre-ownedeBay - buyhitekLadd Model 30800 Sputter Coater$599.99Pre-ownedeBay - buyhitekLadd Model 30800 Sputter Coater$599.99Pre-ownedeBay - buyhitekPlasma Sputter Coater, Inclu. Vacuum Pump, A Gold Target & Two-year$6,800.00eBay - micronanotoolsPlasma Sputter Coater, Inclu. Vacuum Pump, A Gold Target & Two-year$6,800.00eBay - micronanotoolsPolaron Range Sputter Coater$4,100.00Pre-ownedeBay - richdadkim_8Polaron Range Sputter Coater$4,100.00Pre-ownedeBay - richdadkim_8Quorum Sputter Coater Q150r$15,000.00Pre-ownedeBayQuorum Sputter Coater Q150r$15,000.00Pre-ownedeBayPolaron Sc7620 Sputter Coater$3,999.00Pre-ownedeBayPolaron Sc7620 Sputter Coater$3,999.00Pre-ownedeBayLadd Model# 30800 Sputter Coater (#2)$300.00Pre-ownedeBayLadd Model# 30800 Sputter Coater (#2)$300.00Pre-ownedeBayQuorum Technologies EMS 150 T ES Iridium Sputter Coater. The QT Iridium sputter coater is used to coat SEM samples with a conductive layer. It is capable of producing coatings that are much thinner than standard .Sputter Coater For Sem. Add the finishing touches with Metal Coating Machinery. Alibaba stocks wholesale sputter coater for sem products including electrostatic coating machines .30-day returnsSputter Coater | CHANL Instrumentation. Feb 28, 2019 — Description: Cressington 108 Auto Sputter Coater Location: Chapman Hall - 030A Uses: Coating samples with a thin layer of metal to prevent .EMS 550X Sputter Coater - Microscopy. EMS 550X Sputter Coater. Q150T ES PLUS. What is Sputter Coating? To visualize samples by scanning electron microscopy, samples need to be conductive to .Denton Sputter Coater for SEM samples - Nano. The Desk V TSC, a turbo molecular-pumped sputter coater, is designed for high resolution microscopy samples and is suitable for oxidizing and non-oxidizing . Battery Plus Beaverton, Sputter Coater Cressington 108 AUTO - UNT Physics. Sputter Coater Cressington 108 Auto. Specifications: Sputter head: Low voltage planar magnetron. Wrap-around dark-space shield. Sputter target: Gold 57mm Ø . Battery Plus Columbia Md, Sputter Coater. Sputter Coater. · Sputter coating is the standard method for deposition a thin film layer of oxidize such as Al, Chromium or a non-oxidizing such as gold, . Moncler Berriat Jacket, Sputter Coater - Optical Analysis Facility. Instructions for Technics Hummer Sputter Coater · Open chamber by pushing slightly backward on glass cylinder to break suction at bottom and lifting glass . Battery Plus Florence Al, Selecting a Vacuum Pump for an SEM Sputter Coater. Standard desktop SEM sputter coaters are widely used for coating surfaces of non-conductive samples with a thin layer of precious metal. This will reduce or . Battery Plus Grand Forks, Sputter Coating Samples and Choosing the Right Sputter Coater. Sputter coating is a deposition process that grounds your specimen by covering it with a thin, conductive material layer—typically metal—to improve imaging .Small plasma sputtering coater CY-PSP180G-1TA. Small plasma sputtering coater CY-PSP180G-1TA. This type of small plasma sputtering coating machine adopts two-stage sputtering method, which is widely used .EQU Sputter Coaters. . specimens prior to observation in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Our coaters include Carbon Evaporators, Sputter Coaters, Glow Discharge Systems.K550X Sputter Coater Instruction Manual. PDFThe independent vacuum pump is controlled by the Instrument throughout the fully automatic coating cycle. Figure 3-1: K550X Sputter Coater. 3.1.1. Features. • .Sputter Coater. Sputter Coater. The Quorum Q150T S is a turbo-pumped sputter coater for deposition of metal coatings for SEM and thin film applications .Sputter Coaters & SEM/TEM Carbon Coaters. LUXOR Gold Coater . The LUXORAu is an advanced, fully automated sputtering device that applies a fine grain gold coating from 1 to 100 nm thickness. This allows . Battery Plus Harrisburg Pa, Sputter Coaters | Labquip (Ireland). Sputter coating is the standard method for preparing non-conducting or poorly conducting specimens before observation in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Battery Plus Hilliard, Turbo-Pumped Sputter and Carbon Coater - EMS150V Plus .. Turbo-Pumped Sputter and Carbon Coater - EMS150V Plus Series. The EMS150V ES Plus is denpending on the configuration a high-vacuum system for sputtering of . Battery Plus Humble Tx, Sputter Coater. CMP · Handling-Shipping · Photolithography · Thin-Films · Wetprocess. 1 product. Thin-Films. » Sputter Coater. Refine. Category. Sputter Coater (1). Color. Battery Plus Lafayette, Hummer V Sputter Coater (hummer). The Technics Hummer V is a manually controlled table top sputter system used for depositing a conductive coating for visualizing SEM samples. Battery Plus Mankato, CCU-010 HV high vacuum compact coating unit.. The CCU-010 high vacuum sputter and carbon coater was designed for the highest demands in the field of sample preparation. Premium components and a smart design .Coating current: 10. 100 mA (higher currents .Final vacuum: -6 mbarVacuum measuring system: Pirani and cold ca.Double-quartz system: Piezoelectric crystal: Fr.Sputter coaters. The Cressington 208C (Carbon). The Cressington 208 is used to apply a thin carbon layer to non-conductive samples prior to SEM imaging, and is suitable for .Cressington 208HR Sputter Coater. Cressington 208HR Sputter Coater · Rotary & tilting stage · MTM-20 high resolution thickness controller · Iridium sputter target for coating for high resolution .Sputter Coater Market by Target & Substrate Type. The growth of the sputter coater market can be attributed to the growth of the electronics & semiconductor industry. The rising use of sputter coaters in .$4,950.00Manual coater. The B7340 Manual Sputter Coater is an ideal system for sample coating with Au of non-conducting samples for standard SEM imaging.Sputter Coater | Vision Precision Instruments. Vision Precision Instruments supplies series High Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater (DC / RF) that is designed for materials science and sample preparation . Moncler Black Down Marque Jacket, Sputter Coating Systems - Matcor Shop. Sputter Coating Systems . 108 Auto Sputter Coater · Show Details . 208C High Vacuum Turbo Carbon Coater · Show Details . Battery Plus Peachtree City, Standard Procedures to Use the Sputter Coater. PDFDec 12, 2005 — Place stub(s) in the sputter coater chamber (maximum 6 stubs allowed). Gloves and forceps should be used when loading stubs. 4. Re-place the . Battery Plus Santa Fe, Sputter Coater Market Report, 2022-2027. The Sputter Coater market size is estimated to reach US$928 million by 2027 after growing at a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecast period 2022-2027. Battery Plus Scottsdale, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis: A Text .. Joseph Goldstein, ‎Dale E. Newbury, ‎Patrick Echlin · 2012 · ‎ScienceDiode sputter coater fitted with an evaporative carbon coater. (Courtesy VG Microstructure-Polaron.) Figure 13.27. Clathrin-coated vesicles in cultured . Battery Plus Sign, Sputter Coater (Denton) - College of Science & Mathematics. Sputter Coater (Denton). Made for coating non-conductive materials for electron microscopy, we use this instrument to put buffer layers on samples or to .Rebuilding An Edwards Sputter Coater. Jun 12, 2022 — More on that at another time, this article is about a very important accessory for any SEM, the Sputter Coater.Emitech K550X Sputter Coater. The Emitech K550X Sputter Coater system employs a magnetron target assembly to enhance the efficiency of processes using low voltages and producing a fine .